Linux

Linux: Encrypt external HDD

#PrivacyByDefault #MassEncryption

There are two kinds of users: The ones, who encrypt their stuff and the ones, who never had lost something or never got something stolen.
Imagine your Laptop being stolen on the train. Not only, you probably lost all of your data (Backups!), but also there is now a stranger that has access to potentially very private data - Pictures of your last birthday, company records you need to keep secret or the new piece of code that is awesome and the capital of your startup you just wanted to create.
Plenty of reasons for investing a little bit of time in your digital self-defence, and a sane full-disk encryption is a major part of it.

I personally have two different approaches: VeraCrypt (successor of TrueCrypt after they surprisingly closed, leaving lots of speculations about their non-commitment to build in a secret backdoor for a large state agency, but that is based on pure speculation and is on the list of conspiracy theorems that probably turn out to be at least somehow concise enough to be taken seriously.) seems to be sane enough to be used or LUKS. In this article I'm gonna cover LUKS, as I consider this the canonical way for every mature Linux environment.

Recipe

Assuming the HDD is /dev/sdb and you want to call it Cryptodisk

  1. Reformat the external HDD. Create a single partition with any filesystem (we will overwrite this in the next step)
  2. Make sure all filesystems for that disk are unmounted.
  3. cryptsetup -y -v luksFormat /dev/sdb1
    1. Enter passphrase.
    2. Write the passphrase on a sheet of paper and store it on a safe place.
    3. REALLY do it. You probably will forget the passphrase and then you can cry your data goodbye
  4. Open the crypdevice: cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sdb1 Cryptodisk
  5. mkfs.xfs /dev/sdb1
  6. cryptsetup luksClose Cryptodisk
  7. Plug the disk out and re-plug it in. In caja/nemo it should appear as encrypted device.
    If you click on it, it asks for the passphrase and it will be mounted.
    Alternatively, user cryptsetup cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sdb1 Cryptodisk
    mount /dev/mapper/Cryptodisk /mnt/Cryptodisk

Note: It's possible to compartmentalize multiple partitions by putting a LVM volume atop cryptsetup.
This is more advanced but pretty much straightforward.

Step by Step guide

I plug in my HDD and assume it's gonna be recognised as /dev/sdb.

First, We need to make sure that it's unmounted

Next, format the HDD. I normally use parted, but gparted seems to be the nicer way, as it's graphical and pretty easy. So, start gparted on the disk

MAKE SURE IT's THE RIGHT DISK. Do the partitions look like the ones expected? Is there anything fishy? Once you clear your partition table or (even worse) wrote a new filesystem, it's unlikely you can fetch your data without any losses. Take a breath and double-check before doing anything.

OK, Then create the partition you want to encrypt. Select a random filesystem, as we are anyways going to delete the filesystem. It's only important to create the layout correctly. In my case it looks like the following: one partition that takes the full space (Little bit of empty space at the end is needed by GPT for the Backup table)

gparted with the newly created layout

Close gparted and encrypt the partition using cryptsetup

Congratulations, you created your first encrypted parition! Now we are gonna put a filesystem on that one, so you can actually use it 🙂

So, we are gonna "open" the cryptdevice. This means, we are putting an encryption/decryption layer, atop which we can run our filesystem

Cryptsetup asks for the Passphrase. After successfully opening the device, it will be listed as /dev/mapper/Cryptodisk

Now we create a filesystem. I chose xfs because it's a nice working horse, that runs everywhere, but you can choose whatever you want.

Great, now you've created the filesystem. Close the disk with cryptsetup

Wait until everything on the disk has been written (it stops flashing, depending on your disk) and unplug the disk.

The next time you plug your disk in, it will be recognised by caja/nemo as Encrypted Device, you type in your Passphrase and it will be automatically mounted (or with cryptstetup luksOpen and mount but the purpose was to create a convenient way to work with your external disks).

The encrypted disk appears conveniently and can be mounted with a single click

Congratulations, you just created your first fully encrypted external HDD!

The headline picture was created btw. by using the amazing dekryptize tool - a really cool ncurses animation to show how decrypting is definitely NOT working 😉

Raspbian and btrfs

I've just got a brand new Raspberry Pi 4. For now I'm just playing around a bit with it. Until openSuSE Leap will be available, I'm using Raspbian Buster which comes by default with ext4. Since I want to have snapshots, the first thing I want to do is to convert the existing root partition into btrfs. So let's do this.

0. Get Raspbian

First, flash Raspbian to a SD card and boot it. I also recommend to run a system update after booting into Raspbian. There are plenty of tutorials on the internet, that are probably far better than what I can write.

1. Prepare initramfs

In Raspbian btrfs is included as module. In order to make the kernel mount a btrfs root filesystem, we need to build the corresponding initramfs. First install the necessary tools

Now we add the btrfs module to /etc/initramfs-tools/modules

Next is to build the initramfs

And tell the bootloader to load the initramfs, by editing /boot/config.txt

And then reboot the device, to check if everything is set up properly.
If the boot succeeds, shutdown the Raspberry and take the SD-Card to another computer. If you run at this stage into trouble, probably a filename is wrong and you should be still able to recover. Otherwise: Just start from scratch - at this point really nothing is lost.

2. Convert ext4 rootfs to btrfs

In my case I insert the SD card into my laptop. The SD card gets recognised as /dev/mmcblk0 and contains the following partitions:

To convert the filesystem to btrfs, we are now doing the following steps:

  1. Optional: Make sure, the rootfs is clean (run fstck)
  2. Convert ext4 to btrfs using btrfs-convert
  3. Mount new btrfs root
  4. Edit /etc/fstab
  5. Edit /boot/cmdline.txt

On my system, I have to do the following steps

Now we edit /etc/fstab and change ext4 to btrfs. We also need to disable the filesystem-check by setting the last two digits in the btrfs line to 0

IMPORTANT: Set the last two settings in /etc/fstab to 0 and 0. The last 0 is especially important for btrfs root, since fsck and btrfs do not go so well together.

Lastly we edit /boot/cmdline.txt. We neet to replace rootfstype=ext4 to rootfstype=btrfs and set fsck.repair=no

IMPORTANT: It is crucial to set fsck.repair=no. I was stuck at some weird "mounting failed: Invalid argument" errors, because the system wanted to perform a fsck and failed.

3. Now the fun starts

This is only the kickoff. Now the funny things, like subvolumes, snapshots ecc. start

Have a lot of fun! 🙂

Caveats

  • After a kernel update, you will need to run mkinitramfs again. Probably it's the best to only do manual kernel updates (even security updates) as otherwise your Raspi might not be able to boot again.

Additional notes

Check those notes, in case something went wrong. Those emphasis the steps I had to to to make this work

  • Fsck had cause me a lot of trouble. In case you run into mount invalid errors, check if you have disable fsck in /etc/fstab (the last zero) and in /boot/cmdline.txt
  • Apperently btrfs-convert doesn't change the UUID. If you find yourself with "device not found" or similar errors, this might has changed and you will need to change the UUIDs
  • After a Kernel update you will need to run mkinitramfs again. Keep that in mind (and maybe disable auto-updates)

Common pitfalls

Crappy image of the console output with the "mounting ... failed: invalid argument" error

I got this error message when I forgot to edit cmdline.txt. Make sure, you have configured /boot/cmdline.txt correctly (especially the rootfstype=btrfs and fsck.repair=no)

Backup KVM machines using btrfs snapshots

I just wrote a small Bash script for creating offline-backups of a bunch of virtual machines on a server using btrfs snapshots.

The script shutsdown all running KVM machines, waits until they are down, creates a (readonly) btrfs snapshot and spins the machines back up. All together takes less than a minute. After the process I have an image of all KVM machines in the state, when the machines are shut down. This is then suitable for storing the machine image files on a different machine to have a complete working state of the machines. This is part of my backup (more hardware failure) strategy for one of our general purpose servers at work.

The KVM instances need to be in a btrfs subvolume, otherwise it doesn't work

See the script as gist on GitHub. You will need to do some adjustments and probably test it a couple of times, until it will work nicely.

Transfer network-manager connections to new computer

I just recently got a new Laptop (a T440p) to test it, if it suits my needs. The old x220 is still a nice companion, but I kind of need a bit more horsepower on my daily companion.

Let me tell you something about the magic of Linux - I just removed the old SSD from my x220 and put it into the T440p. It booted out of the box, with all my configurations and everything in place. No need to reconfigure or even reinstall anything. I could be productive in a couple of minutes. Also transferring the SSD was a matter of some screws, so no problem at all. That's how it should be. That's one of the reasons, why soldered-in SSD suck so badly.

So, everything was working nicely, except for some reason NetworkManager seemed to have forgotten all the Wifi connections. Except, they were still there and configured, just for the Wifi interface of the other laptop. And reconfiguring all of them is kind of boring. There has to be a better way

NetworkManager & System connection

NetworkManager stores all the connections in /etc/NetworkManager/system-connections. They are there as plaintext files (restricted to root through)

Turns out, the line we need to change in every file is the following

This is the mac-address of my old laptop, and I just need to replace it with the MAC of my new laptop. Easy as goo pie. The following one-liner does the job. Remember to replace YY:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY with the MAC address of your laptop

After that, I restarted NetworkManager, and it was nicely connecting to the available Wifi.

TL;DR

  • NetworkManager Wifi-Connections are MAC-Sensitive
  • To bring your connections to a new Wifi adapter you need to change the mac-address line of every connection with the following script

btrfs being notable slow in HDD RAID6

Disclaimer: I don't want to blame anyone. I love btrfs and would very much like to get it running in a good manner. This is a documentation about a use case, where I have some issues

I am setting up a new server for our Telescope systems. The server acts as supervisor for a handful of virtual machines, that control the telescope, instruments and provide some small services such as a file server. More or less just very basic services, nothing fancy, nothing exotic.

The server has in total 8 HDD, configured as RAID6 connected via a Symbios Logic MegaRAID SAS-3 and I would like to setup btrfs on the disks, which turns out to be horribly slow. The decision for btrfs came from resilience considerations, especially regarding the possibility of creating snapshots and conveniently transferring them to another storage system. I am using OpenSuSE 15.0 LEAP, because I wanted a not too old Kernel and because OpenSuSE and btrfs should work nicely together (A small sidekick in the direction of RedHat to rethink their strategy of abandoning btrfs in the first place)

The whole project runs now into problems, because in comparison to xfs or ext4, btrfs performs horribly in this environment. And with horribly I mean a factor of 10 and more!

The problem

The results as text are listed below. Scroll to the end of the section

I use the tool dbench to measure IO throughput on the RAID. When comparing btrfs to ext4 or xfs I notice, the overall throughput is about a factor of 10 (!!) lower, as can be seen in the following figure:

Throughput measurement using dbench - xfs's throughput is 11.60 times as high as btrfs !!!

sda1 and sda2 are obviosly the same disk and created with default parameters, as the following figure demonstrates

My first suspicion was, that maybe cow (copy-on-write) could be the reason for the performance issue. So I tried to disable cow by setting chattr +C and by remounting the filesystem with nodatacow. Both without any noticeable differences as shown in the next two figures

Same dbench run as before, with with chattr +C. No notice-worthy difference
Same dbench run as in the beginning, but with nodatacow mount option. Still, negligible difference

Hmmmm, looks like something's fishy with the filesystem. For completion I also wanted to swap /dev/sda1 and /dev/sda2 (in case something is wrong with the partition alignment) and for comparison also include ext4. So I reformatted /dev/sda1 with the btrfs system (was previously the xfs filesystem) and /dev/sda2 with ext4 (was previously the btrfs partition). The results stayed the same, although there are some minor differences between ext4 and xfs (not discussed here). The order of magnitude difference between btrfs and ext4/xfs remained

Swapping /dev/sda1 and /dev/sda2 and testing dbench on ext4 yields the same results: btrfs performs badly on this configuration

So, here are the results from the figures.

/dev/sda1 - xfsThroughput 7235.15 MB/sec 10 procs
/dev/sda2 - btrfsThroughput 623.654 MB/sec 10 procs
/dev/sda2 - btrfs (chattr +C)Throughput 609.842 MB/sec 10 procs
/dev/sda2 - btrfs (nodatacow)Throughput 606.169 MB/sec 10 procs
/dev/sda1 - btrfsThroughput 636.441 MB/sec 10 procs
/dev/sda2 - ext4Throughput 7130.93 MB/sec 10 procs

And here is the also the text file of the detailed initial test series. In the beginning I said something like a factor of 10 and more. This relates to the results in the text field. When setting dbench to use synchronous IO operations, btrfs gets even worse.

Other benchmarks

Phoronix did a comparison between btrfs, ext4, f2fs and xfs on Linux 4.12, Linux 4.13 and Linux 4.14 that also revealed differences between the filesystems of varying magnitude.

As far as I can interpret their results, they stay rather inconclusive. Sequential reads perform fastest on btrfs, while sequential writes apperently are horrible (Factor 4.3 difference).

Linux 5.0

Yeah, I am running a recent self-made build of Linux 5.0 🙂

Despite the major version number change, there's nothing more special about this version, that with other releases. Still, I find this pretty cool!

Now, back to work ...

Gridengine and CentOS 7

... there's life in the old dog yet!

We are still using the Gridengine on some of our high performance clusters and getting that thing running isn't really a piece of cake. Since Oracle bought Sun, things have changed a little bit: First of all, the good old (TM) Sun Grid engine doesn't exist anymore. There are some clones of it, with the most promising candidate being probably the Son of Grid Engine project. This is also what I will refer as gridengine henceforth. Noticeworthy, but not covered is the OpenGrid Scheduler and the commercial Univa Grid Engine (I'm not linking there), which is just the old Sun Grid engine, but sold to Univa and commercially distributed

In the Debian world, there is a gridengine deb packet, which just works nicely as it should do. There was a el6 port for CentOS 6, but there is nothing official for CentOS 7 (yet?). I've build them myself and everyone is free to use them as they are. They are provided as-they-are, so no support or warranty of any kind are provided. Also, they should work just fine as they are

Building the Son of Grid Engine

The process was difficult enough to make me fork the repository and setup my own GitHub project. My fork contains two bugfixes, which prevented the original source from building.
The project contains also build instructions in the README.md for OpenSuSE 15 and CentOS 7 and pre-compiled rpms in the releases section.

Short notes about building

The Gridengine comes with it's own build tool, called aimk. One can say a lot about it, but if treated correctly it works okayish. The list of requirements is long and listed in the README.md for CentOS 7 and OpenSuSE 15. It hopefully also works for any other versions.

SGE uses a lot of different libraries. Mixing architectures for a single cluster environment is in general a bad idea and SGE might work, but you really don't want to hassle with the inevitable white hairs that come with all of the unpredictable and sometimes not-easy-to-understand voodoo errors that occur. Just ... Don't do that!

I never used the Hadoop build, so all binaries and everything is tested with -no-herd.

For the impatient (not commented)

Notes about installing the Gridengine

I've tried to automate the install with ansible, but the install_execd -auto script proves to be quiet unreliable. After several failed attempts, I decided to install the Gridengine manually from a shared NFS directory.

This is in general a good idea, as the spool directory anyways needs to be in a NFS share. To prevent trouble I have separated the binaries (read-only NFS) from the spool directory (read-write access to all nodes).

I've tried to mix CentOS and OpenSuSE. The Gridengine works with each other, but you will run into other problems as the execution environment is different. Don't do that!

Running the SGE over NFS is the way I recommend. Be aware of the hassle, when the master node becomes unresponsive. In that case, don't do magic tricks, just reboot the nodes. Everything else is fishy.

Known problems with Son of Grid engine

This section is dedicated to document two bugs and make them appear on google, so that other unfortunate beings, who encounter the same problems can find a solution. I've encountered two errors, when trying to build the original 8.1.9 version

This problem was the reason for me to fork it. Comment out line 51 in sge-8.1.9/source/3rdparty/qtcsh/sh.proc.c

I encountered this error when building as root. Try building as unprivileged user (which you should do anyways!)

Mirrors

I am mirroring the current version of Son of Grid engine on my ftp-server. My own fork is in the GitHub repository gridengine.

iphex

I wrote a small bash script, that transforms IP addresses into HEX format. The tool consists of 10 lines of bash script

I needed the tool to match IP-addresses to HEX files for PXE boot. Normally PXE boot fetches first the MAC-address, and then iteratively for the HEX representation of the IP address, with reducing the number of matching characters. Oracle documents the behavior very nicely for the IP address "192.0.2.91"which matches "C000025B" and the imaginary MAC-address "88:99:AA:BB:CC:DD". Then the PXE client probes for the following files (in the given order)

Now, with iphex I can easily convert the more used numerical representation of IP-addresses like 192.168.2.91 into the IMHO not directly visible HEX representation.

Zsh and Home/End/Delete buttons

I've notices that in Zsh under Mate, the HOME/END/DELETE buttons are for some reasons not working as I expected them to work. I use vim keybindings, and am still accustomed to sometimes hit the end button to reach the end of the line. So far it has never been a problem, but zsh just reacts weirdly here. Before triggering a rage quit, I found a solution of how to deal with it. Put the following lines in your .zshrc and you're good

I found this solution here and mirror it on my blog, in case the original solution gets lost or something.

I also link oh-my-zsh here, in case someone just hopped on zsh as well and wants to make it as fancy as possible 🙂

Resizing a btrfs parition

This is a simple note to myself, in case I need to re-do this again. How to resize a btrfs partition to maximum size (or full capacity)

  1. Resize the partition using parted
  2. Resize the btrfs filesystem using

    Would it make sense to create an alias, so that also btrfs filesystem resize 100% or other percentages would work?

In a nutshell example

Detailed example

First resize the partition (I use parted for that purpose)

Done.